Conference and workshop presentations

L.E. Beckley

BECKLEY, L.E. & PRIOR, S.P. 2006. Creel survey of recreational fishing in the Blackwood Estuary, Western Australia. South West Marine Conference, Bunbury, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E., MUHLING, B.A., HOLLIDAY, D. & WAITE, A.M. 2006. Meso-scale eddies: death traps or life savers in an oligotrophic Indian Ocean? Galathea 3 Symposium, Perth, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. & PRIOR, S.P. 2006. Creel survey of recreational fishing in the Blackwood Estuary, Western Australia. Making Waves: Symposium for coastal and marine natural resource management, Perth, Australia.

HARVEY, M.J., KOBRYN, H.T. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2006. A spectral reflectance library for marine benthic substrata in south-western Australia with preliminary application to hyperspectral imagery for Rottnest Island. 13th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, Canberra, Australia .

BECKLEY, L.E., HOLLIDAY, D., MUHLING, B.A., WAITE, A.M. & GAUGHAN, D.J. 2006. Swings and roundabouts! Leeuwin Current eddies and potential impacts on Western Australian fisheries. Australian Society for Fish Biology Conference, Hobart, Australia.

PRIOR, S.P. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2006. Characteristics of recreational anglers in the Blackwood estuary, a popular tourist destination in south-western Australia. Australian Society for Fish Biology Conference, Hobart, Australia.

MUHLING, B.A., BECKLEY, L.E. & KOSLOW, A.J. 2006. Influence of oceanographic and biological processes on ichthyoplankton assemblage structure of south-western Australia. American Fisheries Society, 30th Annual Larval Fish Symposium, Lake Placid, New York, USA.

BECKLEY, L.E. 2006. Improving spatial resolution of human usage data for better Marine Protected Area planning. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Cairns, Australia.

PRIOR, S.P & BECKLEY, L.E. 2006. Recreational boating and fishing in the Blackwood estuary, a candidate conservation area in south-western Australia. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Cairns, Australia.

HARVEY, M.J., BECKLEY, L.E. & KOBRYN, H.T. 2006. Hyperspectral imagery in a GIS framework as a tool for marine planning in temperate south-western Australia CoastGIS 2006, GIS for the coastal zone: Spatial data, modelling and management, Wollongong, Australia. >> article PDF 3.6mb

BECKLEY, L.E. 2005. Use of high resolution spatial data to assess recreational fishing effort displaced by marine park zoning. International Marine Protected Areas Congress, Geelong, Australia.

FOX, N.J. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2005. Marine conservation in Western Australia: Efficiency, stakeholders and the problem of the remote north. International Marine Protected Areas Congress, Geelong, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. & BLACKWEIR, D.G. 2005. Aerial survey of beach usage along the Perth metropolitan coast. 3rd WA State Coastal Conference, Busselton, Australia.

HARVEY, M.J. and BECKLEY, L.E. 2005. Effectiveness of regulations: A case study from the Western Australia recreational boat fishery. 3rd WA State Coastal Conference, Busselton, Australia.

PRIOR, S.P. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2005. What do fishermen really think? A case study from the Blackwood Estuary. 3rd WA State Coastal Conference, Busselton, Australia.

HARVEY, M.J., KOBRYN, L.E. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2005. Hyperspectral remote sensing: Applications for management of the Rottnest Island Reserve. 3rd WA State Coastal Conference, Busselton, Australia.

MUHLING, B.A. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2005. Finding Nemo and his friends: The influence of ocean currents on larval fishes off south-western Australia. 3rd WA State Coastal Conference, Busselton, Australia.

KOBRYN, H.T., BECKLEY, L.E., WISE, P.& DIBDEN, C. 2005. Comparison of aerial photography and Quickbird satellite imagery for marine habitat classification in the Abrolhos Island, Western Australia. 3rd WA State Coastal Conference, Busselton, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E., MUHLING, B.A. & WAITE, A.M. 2005. Ichthyoplankton assemblages and primary production in meso-scale eddies associated with the Leeuwin Current, Eastern Indian Ocean. American Fisheries Society Larval Fish Symposium, Barcelona, Spain.

BECKLEY, L.E., MUHLING, B.A. & WAITE, A.M. 2005. Meso-scale eddies: death traps or life savers in an oligotrophic Indian Ocean? 12th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Durban, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. & SMALLWOOD, C.B. 2005. Marine resource usage in the Rottnest island Reserve, Western Australia and a comparison with recreational fishing in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Durban, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E., MUHLING, B.A. & WAITE, A.M. 2005. Meso-scale Leeuwin Current eddies: oceanographic history and ichthyoplankton assemblages. 7th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.

BECKLEY, L.E. & FOX, N.J. 2005. Diversity and conservation of Western Australian coastal fishes. 7th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.

MUHLING, B.A., BECKLEY, L.E. & KOSLOW, A.J. 2005. Ichthyoplankton assemblages off south-western Australia and the influence of regional and local oceanography. 7th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Taipei, Taiwan.

BECKLEY, L.E., FENNESSY, S.T. & EVERETT, B.I. 2005. Harbours as recreational assets: A case study of shore-based angling in a major South African port. Indian Ocean Marine Environmental Conference: Linking science, engineering and management. Perth, Australia.

KOBRYN, H.T., BECKLEY, L.E., WISE, P. & DIBDEN, C. 2005. Marine habitat classification in the Abrolhos Islands: Integration of bathymetry and remotely sensed data. Indian Ocean Marine Environmental Conference: Linking science, engineering and management. Perth, Australia.

MUHLING, B., BECKLEY, L.E. & WAITE, A. 2005. Meso-scale Leeuwin Current eddies: Ichthyoplankton assemblages and primary production. Indian Ocean Marine Environmental Conference: Linking science, engineering and management. Perth, Australia.

KOBRYN, H.T., WISE, P., BECKLEY, L.E. AND DIBDEN, C. 2004. Integration of remotely sensed data and bathymetric information for marine habitat classification in the Abrolhos Islands, Western Australia. 12th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference. Fremantle, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. & SMALLWOOD, C.B. 2004. Questionnaire and creel surveys of shore-based recreational anglers at Rottnest Island. Australian Society for Fish Biology Conference. Adelaide, Australia.

HARVEY, M. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2004. Do size and bag limits really work? A case study from the Western Australian recreational boat fishery. Australian Society for Fish Biology Conference. Adelaide, Australia.

CHISHOLM, W. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2004 Tailor made? Larval distribution of tailor (Pomatomus saltatrix) off Western Australia. Australian Society for Fish Biology Conference. Adelaide, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. & AVAYZIAN, S.G. 2004. Oceans apart? Estuarine fisheries and conservation in south-eastern Africa and south-western Australia. World Fisheries Conference, Vancouver, Canada.

BECKLEY, L.E. & SMALLWOOD, C.B. 2004. Marine reserve or marine caravan park? Assessment of recreational boating at Rottnest Island. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Hobart, Australia.

SMALLWOOD, C.B., BECKLEY, L.E. & SUMNER, N. R. 2004. Recreational angling in the Rottnest island reserve: Catch, effort and participation estimates. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Hobart, Australia.

FOX, N.J. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2004. Hotspots, biogeography, complementarity and pragmatism: Priority areas for conservation of western Australian coastal fishes. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Hobart, Australia.

BLACKWEIR, D.G. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2004. Beach usage and aerial surveillance for sharks in Perth metropolitan waters. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Hobart, Australia.

MUHLING, B. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2004. Ichthyoplankton in two meso-scale Leeuwin Current eddies: preliminary results. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Hobart, Australia

MUHLING, B., BECKLEY, L.E. & KOSLOW, A. 2004. Preliminary analysis of ichthyoplankton in coastal, shelf and offshore waters of south-western Australia. Australian Marine Science Association Conference, Hobart, Australia

BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Profile of a Rottnest recreational angler. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia

FOX, N.J. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Iterative selection of marine reserve locations to conserve western Australian coastal fish diversity. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia.

SMALLWOOD, C.B. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Boating activity in the Rottnest Island Reserve, Western Australia. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia.

KOBRYN, H.T., MURRAY, K. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Monitoring intertidal rock platforms on Rottnest Island using a Geographical Information System. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia.

MUHLING, B. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Ichthyoplankton assemblage structure in coastal and shelf waters off Western Australia. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia.

BLACKWEIR, D. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Eye in the sky – aerial surveillance for sharks in Perth coastal waters. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia.

BIELAWSKI, N., BECKLEY, L.E. & CHUBB, C. 2003. Colonization of an artificial reef at Geraldton by western rock lobsters, Panulirus cygnus. 2nd WA State Coastal Conference, Geraldton, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Gone fishing! Marine resource usage in the Rottnest Island Reserve, Western Australia. Australian Marine Sciences Association Conference, Brisbane, Australia

FOX, N.J. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Science not scenery! Selecting locations for ‘no take’ marine reserves in Western Australia. Australian Marine Sciences Association Conference, Brisbane, Australia

SMALLWOOD, C.B. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Boating activity in the Rottnest Island reserve, Western Australia. Australian Marine Sciences Association Conference, Brisbane, Australia.

KOBRYN, H.T. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2003. Use of GIS in coastal management training at Murdoch University, Western Australia. Coastal GIS 2003: an integrated approach to Australian coastal issues, Wollongong, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. 2002. Location of marine protected areas: some insights from fish distribution data and complementarity analysis. Australian Marine Sciences Association Symposium, Fremantle, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. 2002. Across the pond: tropical temperate transitions in the biota of the south western Indian Ocean. Australian Marine Sciences Association Symposium, Fremantle, Australia.

WERRY, J.M., BECKLEY, L.E. & KOSLOW, J.A. 2002. SRFME Biophysical Oceanography Program: Ichthyoplankton assemblages off Western Australia (pilot survey). Australian Marine Scienecs Association Symposium, Fremantle, Australia.

JAMES, N.C., BECKLEY, L.E.& MANN, B.Q. 2002. The status of the riverbream, Acanthopagrus berda (Sparidae), in estuarine systems of northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Swakopmund, Namibia.

EVERETT, B.I., PRADERVAND, P., BECKLEY, L.E., FENNESSEY, S.T., MANN, B.Q. & RADEBE, P.V. 2002. A comparison of the shore-based linefishery in two urban estuarine systems in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Marine Science Symposium,, Swakopmund, Namibia.

VAN DER ELST, R.P. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2001. Conservation of South African marine fishes. Conference on the state of South Africa’s species, Johannesburg, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 2001. The recreational fishery at Kosi bay: some management implications. KZN Wildlife Research Symposium, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

BECKLEY, L.E., HULLEY, P.A. & SKELTON. P.H. 2001. Ichthyology in South Africa: a tale of two oceans. 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Durban, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 2001. An investigation of settlement stage fishes in proximity to Limestone reef, South Africa. 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Durban, South Africa

LEIS, J.M., TRNSKI, T. & BECKLEY, L.E. 2001. Larval development of the sparid fish Pagellus natalensis: are larvae a valuable systematic tool in the Sparidae? 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Durban, South Africa

HUTCHINGS, L., BECKLEY, L.E., GRIFFITHS, M.H., ROBERTS, M.J., SUNDBY, S. & VAN DER LINGEN, C. 2001. Spawning on the edge: spawning habitats and nursery areas along the southern African coastline. 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Durban, South Africa

JAMES, N.C., MANN, B.Q., BECKLEY, L.E. 2001. Age and growth of the riverbream Acanthopagrus berda from northern KwaZulu-Natal. 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Durban, South Africa

BECKLEY, L.E. 2000. Recruitment of coral reef fishes at Limestone Reef, South Africa. 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia.

BECKLEY, L.E 2000. Infrastructure to manage estuaries in South Africa. National Estuaries Workshop, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1999. Last tango? Artisanal fisheries in Tanga, Tanzania. 10th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Wilderness, South Africa.

RADEBE, P.V., MANN, B.Q. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1999. Linefish status report: The Natal stumpnose as an example. 10th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Wilderness, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1999. KwaZulu-Natal marine protected areas: harvest refugia or exploitation nodes? KZNNCS Research Symposium. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. & PRADERVAND, P. 1999. Angling in the St Lucia and Maputaland Marine Reserves, KwaZulu-Natal. 3rd Southern African Marine Linefish Symposium, Arniston, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1999. Oceanographic Research Institute activities supporting the GEF project. Greater St Lucia Wetland Park GEF Proposal Workshop, St Lucia, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. & NAIDOO, A.D. 1998. Light traps and larvae: Preliminary results from KwaZulu-Natal coastal waters. African Fish and Fisheries Conference, Grahamstown, South Africa.

TURPIE, J.K., BECKLEY, L.E. & KATUA, S. 1998. Priority areas for conservation of South African coastal fishes. Hot spot, biogeographical and complementarity approaches. African Fish and Fisheries Conference, Grahamstown, South Africa.

NAIDOO, A.D. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1997. Investigation of settlement stage fishes using light traps in Durban Harbour. 34th Symposium of the Southern African Society of Aquatic Sciences, Mtunzini, South Africa.

OLIVAR, M.P., SALAT, J. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1996. Evidence of larval fish displacement associated with surface water movement. Benguela Dynamics Symposium - Impacts of variability on shelf-sea environments and their living resources, Cape Town, South Africa.

TURPIE, J.K., BECKLEY, L.E., KATUA, S. & BENN, G. 1996. Biogeography and priority areas for conservation of South Africa's coastal ichthyofauna: A preliminary analysis. 9th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

VAN DER ELST, R.P., BECKLEY, L.E., DAVID, B., FENNESSY, S.T., GOVENDER, A. & LICHUCHA, I. 1996. Sharing resources, research and responsibility in the Mozambique/ KwaZulu-Natal linefishery. 9th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

DAVID, B., LICHUCHA, I., BECKLEY, L.E., FENNESSY, S.T., GOVENDER. A. & VAN DER ELST, R.P. 1996. Tourist angling in southern Mozambique. 9th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

NAIDOO, A.D. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1996. Recruitment of reef fishes: Have they seen the light? 9th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. & FENNESSY, S.T. 1996. The beach-seine fishery off Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. 9th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1996. Dispersal of coral reef fish larvae by the Agulhas Current, South Africa. 76th Annual Meeting American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, New Orleans, USA.

DAVID, B., PACULE, H. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1996. A pesca desportiva na regiao sul de Mozambique: Analise preliminar. Workshop: O papel da investigação na gestão da zona costeira, Maputo, Mozambique

BECKLEY, L.E. 1995. The occurrence of tuna and mackerel larvae off the east coast of South Africa. First Pan-African Fisheries Conference, Nairobi, Kenya.

BECKLEY, L.E., CLIFF, G., SMALE, M.J. & COMPAGNO, L.J.V. 1995. Enigmatic megafauna: whale sharks in South Africa. Annual Conference of the Australian Society for Fish Biology, Sydney, Australia.

OLIVAR, M.P. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1995. Larval development of Lampanyctes species (Pisces: Myctophidae) of the SW Indian Ocean with an attempt to use larval characters to study intrageneric relationships. International Larval Fish Conference, Sydney, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. & CONNELL, A.D. 1995. Early life history of elf Pomatomus saltatrix in South African waters. International Larval Fish Conference, Sydney, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1994. Marine aquarium fishes: Capture or culture? Zoological Society of South Africa Symposium, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E., OLIVAR, M.P., ZELCK, C. & JOHN, H.C. 1993. Larval development of Symbolophorus rufinus and Symbolophorus barnardi (Teleostei, Myctophidae). 4th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.

BECKLEY, L.E., OLIVAR, M.P. & MOSER, G. 1993. Influence of the Agulhas Current on the distribution of lanternfish larvae in the south west Indian Ocean. 4th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1993. Larval fish assemblages in the Agulhas Current Ecosystem. 4th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Bangkok, Thailand.

BECKLEY, L.E. & CHATER, S.A. 1993. Ichthyofauna of high latitude coral reefs in South Africa. Pre-Indo-Pacific Fish Conference Workshop, Maumere, Indonesia.

FIELDING, P.J., TOMALIN, B.J., ROBERTSON, W.D., BECKLEY, L.E., MANN, B.Q., CHATER, S.A., ARTHUR, D.C., KAY, T.Q., VAN DER ELST, R.P., SCHLEYER, M.H., BIRNIE, S.L., PLUMSTEAD, E.E. & PEREYRA LAGO, R. 1993. Preliminary assessment of crayfish (Panulirus homarus) and abalone (Haliotis midae) stocks along the Transkei coast. 8th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Langebaan, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1993. Ichthyoplankton assemblages off the east coast of South Africa. 8th Southern African Marine Science Symposium, Langebaan, South Africa.

FIELDING, P.J., ROBERSTON, W.D., TOMALIN, B.J., BECKLEY, L.E., MANN, B.Q., CHATER, S.A., ARTHUR, D.C. & KAY, T.Q. 1993. Transkei coastal resources survey. South African Society for Underwater Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

CHATER, S.A. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1993. Visual census of reef fishes in the St Lucia and Maputaland marine reserves. South African Society for Underwater Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

CHATER, S.A. & BECKLEY, L.E. 1993. Fishes from offshore reefs in the St Lucia and Maputaland marine reserves. International Symposium and Workshop on the Status and Future of Large Marine Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean, Mombasa, Kenya.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1993. The Agulhas Current ecosystem with particular reference to dispersal of fish larvae. International Symposium and Workshop on the Status and Future of Large Marine Ecosystems of the Indian Ocean, Mombasa, Kenya.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1992. Linefish larvae and the Agulhas Current. 2nd South African Marine Linefish Symposium, Durban, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1992. Who, what, where and when? Distribution of fish larvae in the Agulhas Current ecosystem. Conference on Aquatic Ecosystems,Cape Town, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1991. Linefish larvae and the Agulhas Current: A quick, hungry ride into oblivion? Benguela Trophic Functioning Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1991. Riding the big blue roller-coaster: Fish larvae and the Agulhas Current. Marine, Estuarine and Freshwater Ecosystems Conference, Grahamstown, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. & LOUBSER, N.C. 1990. The sublittoral benthos of Marion Island. South African Society for Underwater Science Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1990. Status of larval fish taxonomy in southern Africa. Ichthyoplankton workshop, OCEANS 90, 7th National Oceanographic Symposium, San Lameer, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1990. Sublittoral benthos of Marion Island. OCEANS 90, 7th National Oceanographic Symposium, San Lameer, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E., HUTCHINS, J.B. & PEARCE, A.F. 1987. Range extensions of tropical fish by southward flowing boundary currents in the Indian Ocean. 6th National Oceanographic Symposium, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1987. Immigration and retention of larval fishes in estuaries. 6th National Oceanographic Symposium, Stellenbosch, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1986. Nearshore ichthyoplankton in Algoa Bay, South Africa. 13th Annual Conference Australian Society for Fish Biology, Darwin, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1986. Coastal zone utilization by juvenile fish in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. 13th Annual Conference Australian Society for Fish Biology, Darwin, Australia.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1984. The use of intertidal pools by fishes. Workshop on the Biology of Hard Substrata, Cape Town, South Africa.

TALBOT, M.B., BAIRD, D., HANEKOM, N., BECKLEY, L.E. & EMMERSON, W. 1983. Zostera capensis in the Eastern Cape: a synopsis of past and present work. 5th National Oceanographic Symposium, Grahamstown, South Africa.

WALLACE, J.H., BECKLEY, L.E., BENNETT, B.A., BLABER, S.J.M., KOK, H.M & WHITFIELD, A.K. 1983. How estuarine dependent are South African fishes? 5th National Oceanographic Symposium, Grahamstown, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1983. Tidal pool fish community structure in the Eastern Cape. 5th National Oceanographic Symposium, Grahamstown, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. & WOOLDRIDGE, T. 1983. Ecology of the Sundays Estuary. Symposium on an Environmental Plan for the Eastern Cape, Grahamstown, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1983. Anchovy egg and larval distribution off the east coast. Symposium on Anchovy Distribution and Migration, Cape Town, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1983. Community structure of ichthyoplankton off sandy beaches in Algoa Bay, South Africa. Sandy beaches as Ecosystems Symposium, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1982. The occurrence of marine linefish juveniles in tidal pools near Port Elizabeth. Workshop on marine linefish research, Durban, South Africa.

BECKLEY, L.E. 1982. Eastern Cape estuaries as nursery areas for juvenile fish. Zoological Society of South Africa Symposium on utilization of natural resources, Umtata, South Africa.